Oceans and Marine Resources in a Changing Climate : A Technical Input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment - Griffis, Roger; Howard, Jennifer; SpringerLink (Online service) (Washington, DC : Island Press/Center for Resource Economics : Imprint: Island Press, 2013)
1. Introduction. 1.1 Scope and Purpose. 1.2 Linkages with Other Parts of the National Climate Assessment -- 2. Climate-Driven Physical and Chemical Changes in Marine Ecosystems. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Ocean Temperature and Heat Trapping. Ocean sea surface temperature. 2.3 Loss of Arctic Ice. 2.4 Salinity. 2.5 Stratification. 2.6 Changes in Precipitation and Extreme Weather Events. 2.7 Ocean Circulation. 2.8 Climate Regimes. 2.9 Carbon Dioxide Absorption by the Oceans. 2.10 Ocean Acidification. 2.11 Hypoxia -- 3. Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms. 3.1 Physiological Responses. 3.2 Population and Community Responses. 3.3 Ecosystem Structure and Function. 3.4 Regime Shifts and Tipping Points -- 4. Impacts of Climate Change on Human Uses of the Ocean and Ocean Services. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Climate Effects on Capture Fisheries. 4.3 Implications of Climate Change for Aquaculture. 4.4 Offshore Energy. 4.5 Tourism and Recreation. 4.6 Human Health. 4.7 Maritime Security and Transportation. 4.8 Governance Challenges. 4.9 Research and Monitoring Gaps. 4.10 Conclusion -- 5. International Implications of Climate Change. 5.1 Implications of Climate Change in International Conventions and Treaties. 5.2 Climate Change Considerations in Other International Organizations. 5.3 Climate Change Considerations by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations and Living Marine Resource Conservation Organizations. 5.4 Climate Change and Other International Issues -- 6. Ocean Management Challenges, Adaptation Approaches, and Opportunities in a Changing Climate. 6.1 Challenges and Opportunities for Adaptation in Marine Systems. 6.2 Information, Tools, and Services to Support Ocean Adaptation. 6.3 Opportunities for Integrating Climate Change into U.S. Ocean Policy and Management. 6.4 Emerging Frameworks and Actions for Ocean Adaptation -- 7. Sustaining the Assessment of Climate Impacts on Oceans and Marine Resources. 7.1 Challenges to Assessing Climate Impacts on Oceans and Marine Resources. 7.2 Key Steps for Sustained Assessment of Climate Impacts on Oceans and Marine Resources -- Appendix A. Status of and Climate Change Impacts to Commercial, Recreational, and Subsistence Fisheries in the U.S. A.1 Commercial and Recreational Fisheries. A.2 Commercial and Recreational Fishing-dependent Communities. A.3 Regional Involvement in Commercial and Recreational Fishing. A.4 Subsistence Fisheries -- References.
Keywords: Marine sciences; Freshwater; Climate change; Hydrology; Marine & Freshwater Sciences; Climate Change; Hydrology/Water Resources; Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts