The Timing of Sleep and Wakefulness On the Substructure and Dynamics of the Circadian Pacemakers Underlying the Wake-Sleep Cycle - Enright, James T.; SpringerLink (Online service) (Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1980)
1 Introduction -- 2 A Description of Activity-rhythm Recordings and Their Implications -- 3 The Pacemaker and its Precision -- 4 A Class of Models for Mutual Entrainment of an Ensemble of Neurons -- 4.1 Structure and Dynamics of the Coupling -- 4.2 Intermittent Feedback -- 4.3 Discussion of the Coupling -- Appendix 4.A. Calculations Based on Conditional Probability -- Appendix 4.B. A FORTRAN Program for Computer Simulation -- 5 A "Type Model" and its Behavior: Partial and Loose-Knit Mutual Entrainment -- Appendix 5.A. Relative Coordination of Unentrained Pacers -- 6 Precision of Model Pacemakers -- 6.1 Precision, as Affected by Number of Pacers -- 6.2 Influence of Alpha and Beta on Precision -- 6.3 Precision as Affected by ?, x?b and ? -- 6.4 Threshold of the Discriminator -- 6.5 The Implications of Experimentally Observed Precision -- 6.6 Alternative Formulations of Parameters -- 6.7 The Relationship Between Pacer Input and Discriminator Output -- 6.8 Stochastic Variation in Threshold -- 6.9 Summary of Factors Influencing Precision -- Appendix 6.A. On the Influence of N upon Precision (by J. Thorson) -- 7 Influences of Constant Light Intensity -- 7.1 Effects of Light upon Free-running Period -- 7.2 Effects of Light upon Duration and Intensity of Activity -- 7.3 Effects of Light Intensity upon Precision -- 7.4 Extremes of Constant Lighting Conditions -- 7.5 Ranges of Free-running Period Values -- 7.6 Summary -- Appendix 7.A. Aschoff's Rule: Models with Other Parameter Values -- 8 A Brief Detour: Further Thoughts About the Discriminator of the Models -- 8.1 The Magnitude of Feedback -- 8.2 Stochastic Variation in Amount of Feedback -- 8.3 Can the Discriminator be Eliminated? -- 8.4 Threshold and Feedback: an Extreme Case -- 8.5 Inhibition vs Excitation -- Appendix 8.A. Pacemaker Ensembles with a Threshold of One: A Revolving Dictatorship -- 9 General Features of Entrainment: the Type Model -- 9.1 Entrainment of Nocturnal Animals: Inhibition by Light -- 9.2 Phasic vs Tonic Effects of Light -- 9.3 Entrainment of Diurnal Animals: Stimulation by Light -- 9.4 The "Anomalous" Effects of Threshold on Pacemaker Period -- 9.5 Entrainment with Gradual Transitions in Light Intensity -- 10 Responses to Single Light Pulses. Part I: Nocturnal Rodents -- 10.1 Phase Shifts of Coupled Stochastic Systems -- 10.2 Transients During Phase Advance: Their Origin and Significance -- 10.3 Interspecies Variations in Phase-response Curves -- 10.4 A Failure of the Elementary Class of Models -- Appendix 10.A. Transients Following Phase Shifts -- 11 Responses to Single Light Pulses. Part II: Diurnal Birds -- 11.1 Simulation Results: Several Deficiencies and Their Remedy -- 11.2 Phase-response Curves: a Review -- Appendix 11.A Constraints on Parameter Values -- 12 Plasticity in Pacemaker Period: a Dynamic Memory -- 12.1 After-effects of Initial Phase Conditions -- 12.2 After-effects of Entrainment -- 12.3 After-effects of Constant Light Intensity -- 12.4 After-effects of Phase Shifting and of Photo-period -- 12.5 Permanent vs Transitory Differences in Period -- 12.6 Bistability of a Pacemaker -- Appendix 12.A After-effects of Phase Shifting and of Photoperiod -- 12.A.1 Single Shifts of Phase -- 12.A.2 After-effects of Photoperiod -- Appendix 12.B Alternative Steady States in a Coupled Stochastic System -- 13 Predictions from Coupled Stochastic Systems -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Predictions Related to Aschoff's Rule -- 13.3 Predictions Relating to Entrainment by Sinusoidal Light Cycles -- 13.4 Predictions About "Phasic" Effects of Light -- 13.5 Predictions About Transients -- 13.6 Predictions About After-effects -- 13.7 Predictions About Phase Shifting by "Dark Pulses" -- 13.8 Quantitative Predictions -- 14 Further Predictions: a Modest Success and Two Problem Cases -- 14.1 "Clamped" Free-run Experiments -- 14.2 Two Problem Cases -- Appendix 14.A Reconciling Phase Advance with Aftereffects -- 15 Morphology of the Models: Where is the Pacemaker? -- 15.1 The Pacers -- 15.2 The Discriminator -- 15.3 The Translation of Formalism into Concrete Morphology -- 16 A Reprise and Synopsis: On the Advantages of Apparent Redundancy -- References -- Author Index.
Keywords: Zoology; Neurosciences; Zoology; Neurosciences