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|a 1. Preface -- 2. Introduction to marine mammal welfare -- 3. Cetacea – whales, dolphins, porpoises -- 3.1 The welfare effects of marine debris and fishery equipment on Cetacea, entanglement, toxicity – and of marine pollution including oil -- 3.2 Bycatch -- 3.3 Welfare impact of loss of habitat, changes in distribution and feeding and reproductive behaviours, and disturbances to migration -- 3.4 The welfare effects on Cetacean of human interactions – noise, boats, exploration, dredging, wind farms, whale watching, hunting -- 3.5 Noise in the ocean -- 3.5 Global climate effects on cetacean welfare -- 3.6 Social change in Cetacean populations resulting from human influences -- 3.7 Cetacea in captivity -- 3.8 Assessing the welfare of Cetacea – outcome based assessment methods in the wild and in captivity -- 4. Pinnipeds – seals, sea lions, fur seals, walrus -- 4.1 The welfare effects on Pinnipeds of marine debris and fisheries equipment, entanglement, toxicity – and of marine pollution including oil -- 4.2 Bycatch -- 4.3 Interactions with farmed fisheries -- 4.4 Welfare impacts of loss of habitat, human induced changes in distribution and feeding and reproductive behaviours, and disturbances to behaviours and social dynamics of Pinnipeds -- 4.5 The welfare effects on Pinnipeds of human interactions – tourism, hunting -- 4.6 Glob al climate effects on Pinniped welfare -- 4.7 Social change in Pinniped populations resulting from human influences -- 4.8 Pinnipeds in captivity -- 4.9 Assessing the welfare of Pinnipeds – in the wild and in captivity -- 5. Sirenia – dugongs and manatees -- 5.1 The welfare effects of human interactions on Manatees and Dugongs – boats, boat strikes, tourism, noise, the coastline as a recreational zone -- 5.2 The welfare effects on Sirenia of marine debris and fisheries equipment, entanglement, toxicity -- 5.3 Welfare impacts of loss of habitat, human induced changes in distribution and feeding and reproductive behaviours, and disturbances to behaviours and social dynamics of Sirenia -- 5.4 Social change in Sirenian populations resulting from human influences -- 5.5 Global climate effects on Sirenian welfare -- 5.6 Sirenia in captivity -- 5.7 Assessing the welfare of Sirenia – in the wild and in captivity -- 6. Ursidae - polar bears -- 6.1 The welfare effects of human interactions – human food and human waste, proximity to habitation, living together with polar bears -- 6.2 The welfare effects on Polar Bears of marine debris, fisheries equipment, entanglement, toxicity -- 6.3 Welfare impacts of loss of habitat, human induced changes in distribution and feeding and reproductive behaviours, and disturbances to behaviours and social dynamics of Polar Bears -- 6.4 Social change in Polar Bear populations resulting from human influences -- 6.5 Global climate effects on Polar Bear welfare -- 6.6 Hunting of Polar Bears -- 6.7 Polar Bears in captivity -- 6.8 Assessing the welfare of Polar Bears – in the wild and in captivity -- 7. Lutrinae – otters -- 7.1 The welfare effects of human interactions on otters – dogs, disturbance, fishing -- 7.2 The welfare effects on Otters of water borne debris, fisheries equipment, entanglement, toxicity -- 7.3 Welfare impacts of loss of habitat, human induced changes in distribution and feeding and reproductive behaviours, and disturbances to behaviours and social dynamics of Otters -- 7.4 Social change in Otters populations resulting from human influences -- 7.5 Global climate effects on Otter welfare -- 7.6 Hunting of Otters -- 7.7 Otters in captivity -- 7.8 Assessing the welfare of Otters – in the wild and in captivity -- 8. Conclusions -- 9. References.
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