The Timing of Sleep and Wakefulness On the Substructure and Dynamics of the Circadian Pacemakers Underlying the Wake-Sleep Cycle /

The Timing of Sleep and Wakefulness On the Substructure and Dynamics of the Circadian Pacemakers Underlying the Wake-Sleep Cycle /

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: Enright, James T. (Autor)
Autor Corporativo: SpringerLink (Online service)
Formato: eBook
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1980.
Colección:Studies of Brain Function, 3
Materias:
Zoology.
Neurosciences.
Acceso en línea:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81387-0
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 A Description of Activity-rhythm Recordings and Their Implications
  • 3 The Pacemaker and its Precision
  • 4 A Class of Models for Mutual Entrainment of an Ensemble of Neurons
  • 4.1 Structure and Dynamics of the Coupling
  • 4.2 Intermittent Feedback
  • 4.3 Discussion of the Coupling
  • Appendix 4.A. Calculations Based on Conditional Probability
  • Appendix 4.B. A FORTRAN Program for Computer Simulation
  • 5 A “Type Model” and its Behavior: Partial and Loose-Knit Mutual Entrainment
  • Appendix 5.A. Relative Coordination of Unentrained Pacers
  • 6 Precision of Model Pacemakers
  • 6.1 Precision, as Affected by Number of Pacers
  • 6.2 Influence of Alpha and Beta on Precision
  • 6.3 Precision as Affected by ?, x?b and ?
  • 6.4 Threshold of the Discriminator
  • 6.5 The Implications of Experimentally Observed Precision
  • 6.6 Alternative Formulations of Parameters
  • 6.7 The Relationship Between Pacer Input and Discriminator Output
  • 6.8 Stochastic Variation in Threshold
  • 6.9 Summary of Factors Influencing Precision
  • Appendix 6.A. On the Influence of N upon Precision (by J. Thorson)
  • 7 Influences of Constant Light Intensity
  • 7.1 Effects of Light upon Free-running Period
  • 7.2 Effects of Light upon Duration and Intensity of Activity
  • 7.3 Effects of Light Intensity upon Precision
  • 7.4 Extremes of Constant Lighting Conditions
  • 7.5 Ranges of Free-running Period Values
  • 7.6 Summary
  • Appendix 7.A. Aschoff’s Rule: Models with Other Parameter Values
  • 8 A Brief Detour: Further Thoughts About the Discriminator of the Models
  • 8.1 The Magnitude of Feedback
  • 8.2 Stochastic Variation in Amount of Feedback
  • 8.3 Can the Discriminator be Eliminated?
  • 8.4 Threshold and Feedback: an Extreme Case
  • 8.5 Inhibition vs Excitation
  • Appendix 8.A. Pacemaker Ensembles with a Threshold of One: A Revolving Dictatorship
  • 9 General Features of Entrainment: the Type Model
  • 9.1 Entrainment of Nocturnal Animals: Inhibition by Light
  • 9.2 Phasic vs Tonic Effects of Light
  • 9.3 Entrainment of Diurnal Animals: Stimulation by Light
  • 9.4 The “Anomalous” Effects of Threshold on Pacemaker Period
  • 9.5 Entrainment with Gradual Transitions in Light Intensity
  • 10 Responses to Single Light Pulses. Part I: Nocturnal Rodents
  • 10.1 Phase Shifts of Coupled Stochastic Systems
  • 10.2 Transients During Phase Advance: Their Origin and Significance
  • 10.3 Interspecies Variations in Phase-response Curves
  • 10.4 A Failure of the Elementary Class of Models
  • Appendix 10.A. Transients Following Phase Shifts
  • 11 Responses to Single Light Pulses. Part II: Diurnal Birds
  • 11.1 Simulation Results: Several Deficiencies and Their Remedy
  • 11.2 Phase-response Curves: a Review
  • Appendix 11.A Constraints on Parameter Values
  • 12 Plasticity in Pacemaker Period: a Dynamic Memory
  • 12.1 After-effects of Initial Phase Conditions
  • 12.2 After-effects of Entrainment
  • 12.3 After-effects of Constant Light Intensity
  • 12.4 After-effects of Phase Shifting and of Photo-period
  • 12.5 Permanent vs Transitory Differences in Period
  • 12.6 Bistability of a Pacemaker
  • Appendix 12.A After-effects of Phase Shifting and of Photoperiod
  • 12.A.1 Single Shifts of Phase
  • 12.A.2 After-effects of Photoperiod
  • Appendix 12.B Alternative Steady States in a Coupled Stochastic System
  • 13 Predictions from Coupled Stochastic Systems
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Predictions Related to Aschoff’s Rule
  • 13.3 Predictions Relating to Entrainment by Sinusoidal Light Cycles
  • 13.4 Predictions About “Phasic” Effects of Light
  • 13.5 Predictions About Transients
  • 13.6 Predictions About After-effects
  • 13.7 Predictions About Phase Shifting by “Dark Pulses”
  • 13.8 Quantitative Predictions
  • 14 Further Predictions: a Modest Success and Two Problem Cases
  • 14.1 “Clamped” Free-run Experiments
  • 14.2 Two Problem Cases
  • Appendix 14.A Reconciling Phase Advance with Aftereffects
  • 15 Morphology of the Models: Where is the Pacemaker?
  • 15.1 The Pacers
  • 15.2 The Discriminator
  • 15.3 The Translation of Formalism into Concrete Morphology
  • 16 A Reprise and Synopsis: On the Advantages of Apparent Redundancy
  • References
  • Author Index.

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